A Core Taxonomy of Nursing Information Behavior (CT-NIB), version 1.1 - Institute for Knowledge Organization and Structure

compiled by Sergey Zherebchevsky, Elizabeth Milonas and Richard P. Smiraglia*

1.0 Nursing Information Behavior

As the global Covid-19 pandemic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019) began its grip it became increasingly apparent that health care in all forms would be better enabled by new and dynamic knowledge organization systems.

Observations concerning the role of home health-care nurses in major cities, including New York City, lead IKOS to the ethnographic research of Edmund Pajarillo (2005) that tracked the information behavior of home health-care nurses in the New York region leading to the theory concerning the “nub of nursing information behavior (NIB).” In brief, the nub is:

(325-6 emphasis added): The NIB constitutes this nub of steps and techniques, defined as the crux of information searching and knowledge organizing demonstrated by the home care nurses. This NIB nub consists of uncovering, discovery and recovery.
(332): In the nub of NIB, the nurse is identifying leads and conduits, thinking of questions to ask sources, determining search terms or keywords, and drawing up courses of actions.
(350 emphasis added): This interaction between the nurse and the patient takes place right in the nub of NIB. The various information searching and knowledge organizing steps and processes are subsumed in three dynamic and interrelated core processes-uncovering, discovery and recovery.

To begin our contribution IKOS invited the consent and collaboration or Dr. Pajarillo. The 2005 dissertation was analyzed using the Provalis ProSuite (https://provalisresearch.com/products/prosuite-text-analytics-tools/ ) to generate frequency distributions of terms and phrases from the text, which were then sorted and disambiguated to generate the list of “phenomena” found in the core taxonomy below. The WordStat (https://provalisresearch.com/products/content-analysis-software/ ) module was used to conduct co-word analysis and to generate three-dimensional visualizations of term and phrase co-occurrence. These visualizations, in turn, were used to suggest regions that might constitute the facets and sub-facets in the core taxonomy. The team then used Spiteri’s (1998) facet analysis model to generate the names and content of the facets and sub-facets. We then linked as many terms as possible to the glossary in Pajarillo (2005). We will, in future versions of the taxonomy, link to LOD via other health care KOSs.

The core taxonomy was made available to the general public on 12 May 2020. Version 1.1 has been made available 26 June 2020; the update includes mappings, where available, to the NANDA International Nursing Diagnoses vocabulary. It is our hope at IKOS to continue to use the core taxonomy to generate further ethnographic research to understand and inform the special challenges of home health-care nursing in the pandemic. We want to emphasize how knowledge organization is, in this case as in many, a critical applied skill of front-line first-responders.

2.0 Core Taxonomy

CT-NIB 1.1				NANDA-I Nursing Diagnoses
Facets	Subfacets	Phenomena	Glossary Definitions	Domain	Class	Diagnosis	Page
actions
	interaction	negative correlation
		nurses agreed
		information encountering	Information encountering – an information behavior model defined as a memorable experience of an unexpected discovery of useful or interesting information (p. 473).
		interaction between the nurse
		interpersonal relations		11 – Safety/protection	3 – Violence	00140 – Risk for self-directed violence	462
				11 – Safety/protection	3 – Violence	00151 – Self- mutilation	463
				11 – Safety/protection	3 – Violence	00139 – Risk for self-mutilation	465
		patient interaction
		correlated positively
		nurse and the patient
	behavior	behavior of home care nurses
		nursing information behavior (NIB)	Nursing information behavior (NIB) – is the collective and encompassing term specifically used to describe how nurses are driven to seek and search for and use information. It includes the information wellspring leads and conduits used by nurses, usual information roadblocks, and the models and processes that best explain this behavior (p. 476). behavior.
		sense		1 – Health Promotion	2 – Health Management	00188 – Risk- prone health behavior	153
				6 – Self- perception	1 – Self- concept	00185 – Readiness for enhanced hope	288
				6 – Self- perception	1 – Self- concept	00167 – Readiness for enhanced self- concept	293
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	1 – Post- trauma responses	00141 – Post- trauma syndrome	342
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	1 – Post- trauma responses	00145 – Risk for post-trauma syndrome	345
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00069 – Ineffective coping	357
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00072 – Ineffective denial	367
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00135 – Complicated grieving	371
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00125 – Power lessness	376
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00210 – Impaired resilience	380
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00212- Readiness for enhanced resilience	384
		perception of personal and family
		observation		9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00147 – Death anxiety	365
		information behavior	Information behavior – is the collective and encompassing term that includes the three components of information searching, information seeking and information use behavior. It entails all the behavior involved with active and passive information, including its conceptualization, formulation, use and application (P. 472).
		home care experience		7 – Role relationship	3 – Role performance	00064- Parental role conflict	326
care
	patient care	home care	Home health care – refers to the range of health care services rendered in the client’s home or place of residence (p. 472).	7 – Role relationship	3 – Role performance	00064- Parental role conflict	32
		nursing care
		patient care
		home visits
	treatment	medication		2 – Nutrition	4 – Metabolism	00179 – Risk for unstablebloodg lucose level	187
				11 – Safety/protection	3 – Violence	00150 – Risk for suicide	467
				4 – Activity/rest	4 – Cardiovascul ar/pulmonar y responses	00267 – Risk for unstable blood pressure	253
		medications
		treatment
	occurance	instances
		situations		7 – Role relationship	3 – Role performance	00052 – Impaired social interaction	329
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00074 – Compromised family coping	361
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00210 – impaired resilience	380
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00211 – Risk for impaired resilience	382
		discharge		7 – Role relationship	1 – Caregiving roles	00062 – Risk for caregiver role strain	307
		recovery		11 – Safety/protection	3 – Violence	00150 – Risk for suicide	467
	skill	practice of home care nursing
		professional practice
		clinical specializations
		comfort and skill level
		comfortable and skillful
		expertise in other clinical
		nursing experience
		professional competence
		professional experience
		proficiency
		searching skills
	information	information question	See information driver.
		education
		search outputs
		contextual background
		data gathering
		discovery
		figure
		findings
		frequently occurring information
		terms
		patient logs
		drug reference
resources
	resource	information leads	Information wellspring leads – may be actual sources of information or those information clues that provide direction to the user towards acquiring the information needed. Examples include reference manuals, books, clinical experts, peers, the Internet, and electronic databases (p. 474).
		resources personally owned [“personal resources”- NANDA-I]		11 – Safety/protection	3 – Violence	00140 – Risk for self-directed violence	462
				12 – Comfort	3 – Social comfort	00053- Social isolation	505
		information resources
		information sources	See information wellspring leads.
		resources		1 – Health Promotion	1 – Health awareness	00168 – Sedentary lifestyle	147
				1 – Health Promotion	2- Health management	00215 – Deficient community health	152
				1 – Health Promotion	2- Health management	00099 – Ineffective health maintenance	154
				4 – Activity/rest	5 – Self-care	00098 – Impaired home maintenace	260
				5 – Perception/cognit ion	4 – Cognition	00126 – Deficient knowledge	280
				7 – Role relationship	2 – Family relationships	00060 – Interrupted family processes	319
				7 – Role relationship	3 – Role performance	00055 – Ineffective role performance	327
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	1 – Post- trauma responses	00260 – Risk for complicated immigration transition	342
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00199 – Ineffective activity planning	351
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00069 -Ineffective coping	357
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00077 – Ineffecive community coping	359
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00076 – Readiness for enhanced community coping	360
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00210 – Impaired resilience	380
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00211 – Risk for impaired resilience	382
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00212 – Readiness for enhanced resilience	384
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00177 – Stress overload	386
				11 – Safety/protection	3 – Violence	00140 – Risk for self-directed violence	462
				12 – Comfort	1 – Physical comfort	00214- Impaired comfort	492
				12 – Comfort	2 – Environment al comfort	00214 – Impaired comfort	500
				12 – Comfort	3 – Social comfort	00214 – Impaired comfort	502
				12 – Comfort	3 – Social comfort	00053 – Social isolation	505
		components
		community resources		7 – Role relationship	2 – Family relationships	00060 – Interrupted family processes	319
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00077 – Ineffective community coping	359
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00076 – Readiness for enhanced community coping	360
		network of resources
		personal resources	Personal network – relates to sources and resources that are within and around immediate reach for the home care nurse such as her personal reference books and manuals, journals, tablets and other similar materials (p. 477).	11 – Safety/protection	3 – Violence	00140 – Risk for self-directed violece	462
				12 – Comfort	3 – Social comfort	00053 – Social isolation	505
		internet access
		leads
	tool	electronic mail
		information adjuncts
		information tools
		internet search engines
		search engines
		tablet
		telephone
	domain	information technology
		knowledge organization	Knowledge organization – field of study in Information Studies that deals with the histolry, development and use of concepts and tools to organize information systematically for easy and effective retrieval and understanding (p. 475).
		medical		11 – Safety/protection	2- Physical injury	00268 – Risk for venous thromboemboli sm	459
		professional nursing
		health care		1 – Health Promotion	1 – Health awareness	00262 – Rediness for enhanced health literacy	146
				1 – Health Promotion	2- Health management	00215 – Deficient ommunity health	152
				1 – Health Promotion	2- Health management	00078 – Ineffective health management	155
				1 – Health Promotion	2- Health management	00078 – Ineffective health management	157
				7 – Role relationship	3 – Role performance	00055 – Ineffective role performance	327
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00072 – Ineffective denial	367
				10 – Life principles	3 – Value/belief/ action congruence	00242 -Impaired emancipated decision- making	406
				10 – Life principles	3 – Value/belief/ action congruence	00244 – risk for impaired emancipated decion-making	407
				10 – Life principles	3 – Value/belief/ action congruence	00243 – Readiness for enhanced emancipated decision- making	408
		nursing practice
		home care nursing
		information studies
agents
	entity	agency
		hospitals and clinics
		information centers
	staff	full-time nurses
		registered nurse population
		adjuncts
		care nurses
		health professionals
		home care nurses	Home care nurses – nurses who practice in the sub-specialty of community health nursing, providing home health care services to clients in their homes (p. 472).
		members		7 – Role relationship	2 – Family relationships	00063 – Dysfunctional family processes	316
				7 – Role relationship	2 – Family relationships	00060 – Interrupted family prcesse	319
				7 – Role relationship	2 – Family relationships	00159 – Readiness for enhanced family processes	321
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00077 – Ineffective community coping	359
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00076 – Readiness for enhanced community coping	360
		physicians
		respondents
		team
	patient	lifestyle orientation (*of patient)
		family members		7 – Role relationship	2 – Family relationships	00060 – Interrupted family prcesse	319
				7 – Role relationship	2 – Family relationships	00159 – Readiness for enhanced family processes	321
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00073 – Disabled family coping	363
				1 – Health Promotion	2- Health management	00080 – Inffective family health management	157
		personal and family
		client		9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00074 – Compromised family coping	361
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00073 – Disabled family coping	363
	influencers	personal and family demands
		daily stressors
		factors		1 – Health Promotion	2- Health management	00231 – Risk for frail elederly syndrome	150
				1 – Health Promotion	2- Health management	00162 – Readiness for enhanced health management	156
				2 – Nutrition	1 – Ingestion	00002 – Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements	162
				2 – Nutrition	1 – Ingestion	00232 – Obesity	177
				2 – Nutrition	1 – Ingestion	00233 – Overweight	179
				2 – Nutrition	1 – Ingestion	00234 – Risk for overweight	181
				2 – Nutrition	4 – Metabolism	00179 – Risk for unstable blood glucose level	187
				2 – Nutrition	5 – Hydration	00195 – Risk for electrolyte imbalance	193
				2 – Nutrition	5 – Hydration	00027 – Deficient fluid volume	195
				2 – Nutrition	5 – Hydration	00028 – Risk for deficient fluid volume	197
				3 – Elimination and exchange3	2 – Gastrointens tinal function	00236 – Risk for chronic functional constipation	215
				4 – Activity/rest	4 – Cardiovascul ar/pulmonar y responses	00200 – Risk of decreased cardiac tissue perfusion	254
				4 – Activity/rest	4 – Cardiovascul ar/pulmonar y responses	00204 – Ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion	256
				4 – Activity/rest	4 – Cardiovascul ar/pulmonar y responses	00228 – Risk for ineffctive peripheral tissue perfusion	257
				11 – Safety/protection	2- Physical injury	00039 – Risk or aspiration	424
				11 – Safety/protection	2- Physical injury	00219 – Risk for dry eye	428
				11 – Safety/protection	2- Physical injury	00245 – Risk for corneal injury	432
				11 – Safety/protection	2- Physical injury	00035 – Risk for injury	433
				11 – Safety/protection	2- Physical injury	00249- Risk for pressure ulcer	445
		information drivers	Information driver (aka information need, information question) – pertains to factors that trigger the information-seeking process for the home care nurse; circumstances, individuals, or conditions that provoke an information question or need, or those which motivate and drive the home care nurse to pursue finding needed information to bridge information gaps. Information drivers may be internally or externally driven (p. 473).
		information roadblocks	Information roadblocks (aka information barriers) – are those individuals, factors, or situations that present as stumbling blocks to the home care nurse’s pursuit of needed information. Information roadblocks may be classified as intemal, intangible and tangible (p. 473).
		information conduits	Information lead conduits – are those existing services and systems in the environment, surroundings and communities where home care nurses work which may serve as a physical portal available to assist in obtaining information. Examples include libraries, information intermediaries (librarians or information specialists), and local government workers (police, fire and postal staff) (p.473).
		conduits
		computer issues
	governance	regulatory issues
		clinical practice
		health insurance
processes
	processes	environmental scanning	Environmental scanning – refers to an information behavior model defined as observing, obtaining, and analyzing pertinent events, trends and relationships in an organization’s external environment, wIth the purpose of increasmg the effecttveness of future courses of action made by its management (p. 471).
		oasis
		information seeking	Information seeking behavior – is the purposive seeking for information as a consequence of a need to satisfy some goal. In the course of seeking, the individual may interact with manual information systems (such as a newspaper or a library), or with computer-based systems (such as the World Wide Web) (p. 474).
		information search	Information search episode – is considered one particular information search process, beginning from the point of need identification to information need satisfaction (p. 474).
		information searching	Information searching – pertains to the systematic process of looking for information (p. 474)
		search episodes
		care planning
		core processes
		critical thinking	Critical thinking – an important component of nursing practice involving cognitive skiUs in analyzing, applying standards, discriminating, information seeking, logical reasoning, predicting and transforming knowledge (p. 471).
		framework
		information science models
		information search process	Information search process – is a term to describe steps used by a user when attempting to find needed information. These steps include information need and leads identification, transforming this information need into a question appropriate to the information lead at hand, actual querying or browsing the infromation lead, filtering the most relevant search outcomes, and actually picking out the most useful and pertinent to the original information need (p. 474).
		nursing process	Nursing process – a systematic and organized approach to processing, managing and using information derived from patients and their presenting signs and symptoms to be able to develop, implement and evaluate a plan of care that addresses clients’ nursing care needs (p. 476).
		processes involved
		search process
		structure		3 – Elimination and exchange3	1 – Urinary function	00020 – Functional urinary incontinence	202
				4 – Activity/rest	2 Activity/exer cise	00085 – Impaired physical mobility	233
				6 – Self- perception	3 – Body image	00118 – Disturbed body image	300
				8 – Sexuality	2 – Sexual function	00059 – Sxual dysfunction	332
				9 – Coping/stress tolerance	2 – Coping responses	00073 – Disabled family coping	363
		seeking process
place
	location	geographic health
		professional environmental space	Professional environmental space (PES) – pertains to the nurse’s professional space, where the locus and focus of nursing practice take place. The professional space is where the knowledge, skills, competence and attitude of the horne care nurse come into critical play. The nature, status and condition of this professional space make it possible for nursing care to be delivered promptly and appropriately whenever a client has a need (p. 477).

3.0 Alphabetical list of Phenomena

Phenomena	Facets	Subfacets

adjuncts	agents	staff
agency	agents	entity
behavior of home care nurses	actions	behavior
care nurses	agents	staff
care planning	processes	processes
client	agents	patient
clinical practice	agents	governance
clinical specializations	care	skill
comfort and skill level	care	skill
comfortable and skillful	care	skill
community resources	resources	resource
components	resources	resource
computer issues	agents	influencers
conduits	agents	influencers
contextual background	care	information
core processes	processes	processes
correlated positively	actions	interaction
critical thinking	processes	processes
daily stressors	agents	influencers
data gathering	care	information
discharge	care	occurrence
discovery	care	information
drug reference	care	information
education	care	information
electronic mail	resources	tool
environmental scanning	processes	processes
expertise in other clinical	care	skill
factors	agents	influencers
family members	agents	patient
figure	care	information
findings	care	information
framework	processes	processes
frequently occurring information	care	information
full-time nurses	agents	staff
geographic health	place	location
health care	resources	domain
health insurance	agents	governance
health professionals	agents	staff
home care	care	patient care
home care experience	actions	behavior
home care nurses	agents	staff
home care nursing	resources	domain
home visits	care	patient care
hospitals and clinics	agents	entity
information adjuncts	resources	tool
information behavior	actions	behavior
information centers	agents	entity
information conduits	agents	influencers
information drivers	agents	influencers
information encountering	actions	interaction
information leads	resources	resource
information question	care	information
information resources	resources	resource
information roadblocks	agents	influencers
information science models	processes	processes
information search	processes	processes
information search process	processes	processes
information searching	processes	processes
information seeking	processes	processes
information sources	resources	resource
information studies	resources	domain
information technology	resources	domain
information tools	resources	tool
instances	care	occurrence
interaction between the nurse	actions	interaction
internet access	resources	resource
internet search engines	resources	tool
interpersonal relations	actions	interaction
knowledge organization	resources	domain
leads	resources	resource
lifestyle orientation (*of patient)	agents	patient
medical	resources	domain
medication	care	treatment
medications	care	treatment
members	agents	staff
negative correlation	actions	interaction
network of resources	resources	resource
nurse and the patient	actions	interaction
nurses agreed	actions	interaction
nursing care	care	patient care
nursing experience	care	skill
nursing information behavior (NIB)	actions	behavior
nursing practice	resources	domain
nursing process	processes	processes
oasis	processes	processes
observation	actions	behavior
patient care	care	patient care
patient interaction	actions	interaction
patient logs	care	information
perception of personal and family	actions	behavior
personal and family	agents	patient
personal and family demands	agents	influencers
personal resources	resources	resource
physicians	agents	staff
practice of home care nursing	care	skill
processes involved	processes	processes
professional competence	care	skill
professional environmental space	place	location
professional experience	care	skill
professional nursing	resources	domain
professional practice	care	skill
proficiency	care	skill
recovery	care	occurrence
registered nurse population	agents	staff
regulatory issues	agents	governance
resources	resources	resource
resources personally owned	resources	resource
respondents	agents	staff
search engines	resources	tool
search episodes	processes	processes
search outputs	care	information
search process	processes	processes
searching skills	care	skill
seeking process	processes	processes
sense	actions	behavior
situations	care	occurrence
structure	processes	processes
tablet	resources	tool
team	agents	staff
telephone	resources	tool
terms	care	information
treatment	care	treatment

4.0 References

NANDA International. 2018. Nursing Diagnoses: Definitions and Classification 2018-2020, ed. T. Heather Herdman and Shigemi Kamitsuru. 11 th ed. New York: Thieme.

Pajarillo, Edmund J.Y. 2005. “Contextual Perspectives of Information for Home Care Nurses: Towards a Framework of Nursing Information Behavior (NIB).” PhD diss. Long Island University.

Spiteri, Louise. 1998. “A Simplified Model for Facet Analysis: Ranganathan 101.” Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science 23:1-30

*Sergey Zherebchevsky is PhD candidate, Long Island University and Associate Fellow of IKOS. Elizabeth Milonas is Assistant Professor, City Tech (CUNY) and Associate Fellow of IKOS. Richard P. Smiraglia is Senior Fellow, Institute for Knowledge Organization and Structure, Inc. The team is grateful to Dr. Pajarillo for consultation concerning the structure and content of the taxonomy. We also wish to thank our IT manager Kalix Zee for assistance with content analysis.

Version 1.1. Published 02 July 2020.

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